Diagram to illustrate valvular or valvate aestivation, in which the parts are placed in a circle, without overlapping or folding. article - Diagram to illustrate induplicative or induplicate aestivation, in which the parts of the verticil are slightly turned inwards at the edges.

the flower is perfect, and has pentamerous symmetry, the whorls being a flower as that of Sedum fig. A flower such as the male flower of the nettle fig. When no other mark is appended the whorls are supposed to be alternate; but if it is desired to mark the position of the whorls special symbols are employed. Thus, to express the superposition of one whorl upon another, a line is drawn between them, e.

the symbol S 5 P 5 I St 5 C 5 is the formula of the flower of Primulaceae. The manner in which the parts are arranged in the flower-bud with respect to each other before opening is the aestivation or latter terms are applied to the flower-bud in the same way as vernation is to the leaf-bud, and distinctive names have been given to the different arrangements exhibited, both by the leaves individually and in their relations to each regards each leaf of the flower, it is either spread out, as the sepals in the bud of the lime-tree, or folded upon itself conduplicate, as in the petals of some species of Lysimachia, or slightly folded inwards or outwards at the edges, as in the FIG.

article - Diagram to illustrate contorted or twisted aestivation, in which the parts of the whorl are overlapped by each other in turn, and are twisted on their axis. - Diagram to illustrate the quincuncial aestivation, in which the parts of the flower are arranged in a spiral cycle, so that I and 2 are wholly external, 4 and 5 are internal, and 3 is partly external and partly overlapped by 1.

calyx of some species of clematis and of some herbaceous plants, or rolled up at the edges involute or revolute, or folded transversely, becoming crumpled or corrugated, as in the the parts of a whorl are placed in an exact circle, and are applied to each other by their edges only, without overlapping or being folded, thus resembling the valves of a seed-vessel, the aestivation is valvate fig.

The edges of each of the parts may be turned either inwards or outwards; in the former case the aestivation is induplicate fig. When the parts of a single whorl are placed in a circle, each of them exhibiting a torsion of its axis, so that by one of its sides it overlaps its neighbour, whilst its side is overlapped in like manner by that standing next to it, the aestivation is twisted or contorted fig.

This arrangement is characteristic of the flower-buds of Malvaceae and Apocynaceae, and it is also seen in Convolvulaceae and the flower expands, the traces of twisting often disappear, but sometimes, as in Apocynaceae, they forms of aestivation are such as occur in cyclic flowers, and they are included under circular in spiral flowers we have a different arrangement; thus the leaves of the calyx of Camellia japonica cover each other partially like tiles on a aestivation is other times, as in the petals of Camellia, the parts envelop each other completely, so as to become convolute.

This is also seen in a transverse section of the calyx of Magnolia grandiflora, where each of the three leaves embraces that within it. When the parts of a whorl are five, as occurs in many dicotyledons, and the imbrication is such that there are two parts external, two internal, and a fifth which partially covers one of the internal parts by its margin, and is in its turn partially covered by one of the external parts, the aestivation is quincuncial fig.

47 a section is given of the bud of Antirrhinum majus, showing the imbricate spiral this case it will be seen that the part marked 5 has, by a slight change in position, become overlapped by 1.

This variety of balloons and flowers delivery aestivation has been termed flowers such as those of the pea fig. 40, one of the parts, the vexillum, is often large and folded over the others, FIG. article carina may perform a similar office, and then the aestivation is carinal, as in the Judas-tree Cercis Siliquastrum. The parts of the several verticils often differ in their mode of aestivation.

Thus, in Malvaceae the corolla is contorted and the calyx valuate, or reduplicate; in St Johns-wort the calyx is imbricate, and the corolla Convolvulaceae, while the corolla is twisted, and has its parts arranged in a circle, the calyx is imbricate, and exhibits a spiral Guazuma the calyx is valvate, and the corolla circular aestivation is generally associated with a regular calyx and corolla, while the spiral aestivations are connected with irregular as well as with regular forms.

The sepals are sometimes free or separate from each other, at other times they are united to a greater or less extent; in the former case, the calyx is polysepalous, in the latter gamosepalous or divisions of the Calyx.

calyx present usually the characters of leaves, and in some cases of monstrosity they are converted into leaf-like organs, as not infrequently happens in are usually entire, but occasionally they are cut in various ways, as in the rose; they are rarely are generally of a more or less oval, elliptical or oblong form, with their apices either blunt or their direction they are erect or reflexed with their apices downwards, spreading outwards divergent or patulous, or arched inwards connivent.

They are usually of a greenish colour herbaceous; but sometimes they are coloured or petaloid, as in the fuchsia, tropaeolum, globe-flower and be its colour, the external envelope of the flower is considered as the vascular bundles sometimes form a prominent rib, which indicates the middle of the sepal; at other times they form several venation is useful as pointing out the number of leaves which constitute a gamosepalous a polysepalous calyx the number of the parts is indicated by Greek numerals prefixed; thus, a calyx which has three sepals is trisepalous; one with five sepals is sepals occasionally are of different forms and Aconite one of them is shaped like a helmet galeate.

In a gamosepalous calyx the sepals are united in various ways, sometimes very slightly, and their number is marked by the divisions at the divisions either are simple projections in the form of acute or obtuse teeth fig.

49; or they extend down the calyx as fissures about halfway, FIG. article - Fruit of Physalis Alkekengi, consisting of the persistent calyx s, surrounding the berry fr, derived from the ovary. the calyx being trifid flower delivery to jones oklahoma, quinquefid five-cleft, c.according to their number; or they reach to near the base in the form of partitions, the calyx being tripartite, quadripartite, quinquepartite, c.

The union of the parts may be complete, and the calyx may be quite entire or truncate, as in some Correas, the venation being the chief indication of the different cohesion is sometimes irregular, some parts uniting to a greater extent than others; thus a two-lipped or labiate calyx is upper lip is often composed of three parts, which are thus posterior or next the axis, while the lower has two, which are part formed by the union of the sepals is called the tube of the calyx; the portion where the sepals are free is the limb.

Occasionally, certain parts of the sepals undergo marked the violet the calycine segments are prolonged downwards beyond their insertions, and in the Indian cress Tropaeolum this prolongation is in the spring flower delivery of a spur calcar, formed by three sepals; in Delphinium it is formed by Pelargonium the spur from one of the sepals is adherent to the Potentilla and allied genera an epicalyx is formed by the development of stipules from the sepals, which form an apparent outer calyx, the parts of which alternate with the true Malvaceae an epicalyx is formed by the bracteoles.

Degenerations take place in the calyx, so that it becomes dry, scaly and glumaceous like the glumes of grasses, as in the rushes Juncaceae; hairy, as in Compositae; or a mere rim, as in some Umbelliferae and Acanthaceae, and in Madder Rubia tinctorum, fig. 50, when it is called obsolete or Compositae, Dipsacaceae and Valerianaceae the calyx is attached to the pistil, and its limb is developed in the form of hairs called pappus fig.

This pappus is either simple pilose or feathery plumose. In Valeriana the superior calyx is at first an obsolete rim, but as the fruit ripens it is shown to consist of hairs rolled inwards, which expand so as to waft the calyx sometimes falls off before the flower expands, as in poppies, and is caducous fig. 52; or along with the corolla, as in Ranunculus, and is deciduous; or it remains after flowering persistent as in Labiatae, Scrophulariaceae, and Boraginaceae; or its base only is persistent, as in Datura Eschscholtzia and Eucalyptus the sepals remain united at the upper part, and become disarticulated at the base or middle, so as to come off in the form of a lid or a calyx is operculate or existence or non-existence of an articulation determines the deciduous or persistent nature of the calyx.

article The receptacle bearing the calyx is sometimes united to the pistil, and enlarges so as to form a part of the fruit, as in the apple, pear, c. In these fruits the withered calyx is seen at the a persistent calyx increases much after flowering, and encloses the fruit without being incorporated with it, becoming accrescent, as in various species of Physalis fig.

53; at other times it remains in a withered or marcescent form, as in Erica; sometimes it becomes inflated or vesicular, as in sea campion Silene maritima. The corolla is the more or less coloured attractive inner floral envelope; generally the most conspicuous is present in the greater number of differ more from ordinary leaves than sepals do, and are much more nearly allied to the staminal some cases, however, they are transformed into leaves, like the calyx, and occasionally leaf-buds are developed in their are seldom green, although occasionally that colour is met with, as in some species of Cobaea, Hoya viridiflora, Gonolobus viridiflorus and Pentatropis a rule they are highly coloured, the colouring matter being contained in the cell-sap, as in blue or red flowers, or in plastids chromoplasts, as generally in yellow flowers, or in both forms, as in many orange-coloured or reddish attractiveness of the petal is often due wholly or in part to surface markings; thus the cuticle of the petal of a pelargonium, when viewed with a z or 4-in.